IMPLICATIONS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY: A PROPOSED MODEL OF SOCIAL-POLYPHONY FOR CPEC
Abstract
The review paper assesses the enormous promises and challenges faced by China-Pakistan Economic Corridor [CPEC] since its inception. CPEC not only serves as an economic game-changer but also questions the current social dynamics; hence the paper critically assesses the implications of the mega project from a cultural standpoint. Firstly, the study highlights the diverse nature of the economic ideologies practiced in China and Pakistan and their infiltration in the social fabric thereby creating a distinct mind-set. Secondly, the study examines the perceived challenges between the two countries that encompass cultural differences, language barriers and gaps in technological advancement. Thirdly, a multi pronged approach is adopted to hoist a model of cultural framework to revisit the current issues and envisage a positive outcome of the economic venture. Lastly, the intervention of the think tanks for mitigating is discussed to address the potential conflict among people of the two countries arising due to closer contact on daily basis than previously envisioned.
References
Afridi, J. & Bajoria, J. (2010). China-Pakistan Relations. Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations.http://cfr.org/backgrounder/china-pakistan-relation
Ali, L., Mi, J., Shah, M., Shah, J., S., Khan, S., & Bibi, K. (2017). The Potential Socio-Economic Impact of China Pakistan Economic Corridor. doi: 10.18488/journal/107.2017.54.191.198.
Amadeo, K. (2017). Capitalism: Characteristics, Pros, Cons and Examples. https://www.thebalance.com/capitalism-characteristics-examples-pros-cons 3305588
Arif, K. (1984). Documents on China-Pakistan Relations. Lahore: Vanguard.
Barlow, C. (2016). Ted Talk. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqrLUtIFVjs
Bengali, K. (2015). China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and Route Controversy. [Online] Chief Minister Policy Reform Unit, Government of Balochistan. http://cmpru.gob.pk/reports/CPEC.pdf
Bhattacharjee, D. (2015). China Pakistan Economic Corridor. SSRN Electronic Journal.
Csanadi, M. (2016). China in Between Varieties of Capitalism and Communism. Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Ehret, J. (2017). Its ideology may be far from communist, but many still flock to join Chinese ruling party. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/ news/2017/10/22/asia-pacific/politics-diplomacy-asia-pacific/ ideology-may-far-communist-many-still-flock-join-chinese-ruling-party/#.WmtgkmlubIW
Encyclopedia.com. (2018). Capitalist Mode of Production. http://www. encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/capitalist-mode-production#A,
Esteban, M. (2016). The China-Pakistan Corridor: A Transit, Economic or Development Corridor. http://www.issi.org.pk/wp-content/ uploads/2016/08/4Mario _Esteban_SS_ Vol _36_No.2_2016.pdf
Forbes. (2018). Trump brings in the New Year with Polarizing Pakistan. https:// www.forbes.com/sites/leezamangaldas/2018/01/02/trump-brings-in-the-new-year-with-polarizing-pakistan-tweet/#303469342b35
Godement, F. (2014). China’s Neighbourhood Policy. European Council on Foreign Relations, Asia Centre, China Analysis. http://www.ecfr. eu/page/-
GOP. (2017). People to people exchanges. http://cpec.gov.pk/project-details/61
Javaid, U. & Jahangir, A. (2015) Pakistan-China Strategic Relationship: A Glorious Journey of 55 Years, JRSP, 52(01), 157-183.
Kabraji, R. (2012). The China-Pakistan Alliance: Rhetoric and Limitations. Chatham House Asia Programme.
Kashmir Reader. (2016). China May not be Interested In Taking Sides on Kashmir. https://kashmirreader.com/2016/08/17/china-may-not-be-interested-in-taking-sides-on-kashmir/
Kataria, J. R. & Naveed, R. (2014). Pakistan-China Social and Economic Relations. South Asian Studies A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 29(2), 395-410.
Khan, A.A. & Malik, M. (2013). Pak-China economic alliance to bring prosperity in region. International Review of Management and Business Research, 2(3), 776-782.
Liu et. al. (2017). Extending the MPC corpus to Chinese and Urdu - A Multiparty Multi-Lingual Chat Corpus for Modeling Social Phenomena in Language.
Layton, P. (2020). The Interpreter. “Belt and Road means big data and facial recognition, too”. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/ belt-and-road-means-big-data-facial-recognition-too
Marx, K. (1848). Manifesto of Communist Party. Vol. 1. Repr in 1969. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
Misra, A. & Clarke, M. E. (2013). Pakistan’s Stability Paradox: Domestic, Regional and International Dimensions. 1st ed. Routledge.
Naseem, A. (2015). Impact of China Pak Economic Corridor - A Bird’s Eye View. Islamabad: BMA Capital. http://investorguide360.com/ wpcontent/uploads/2015/05/Impact-of-China-Pak-Economic-Corridor_-A-Birds-Eye-View.pdf.
News ABC. (2016). Chinese President Xi Jinping tours Middle East, inks deals worth billions in bid for influence. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01- 22/china-president-visits-middle-east-inks-deals-worth-billions/7106292
News Desk. (2016). China rubbishes claims of ‘wrongdoing’ in CPEC. The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1268666/china-rubbishes-claims-wrongdoing-cpec/
Notezai, M.A. (2015). Interview: Andrew Small on China-Pakistan Ties. Discussing the regional implications of China’s relations with Pakistan. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/ interview-andrew-small-on-china-pakistan-ties/
President Xi Jinping Speech at Communist Party meeting. (2014). Xi Jinping’s Address to the Central Conference on Work Relating to Foreign Affairs: Assessing and Advancing Major Power Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics. https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/ files/clm46ms.pdf
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Pakistan Statistical Year Book 2017. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/pakistan-statistical-year-book-2017
Ramay, S., A. (2016). CPEC: A Chinese Dream Being Materialized Through Pakistan. www.sdpi.org
Riaz, A. & Mi, H. (2017). China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and Its Social Implication on Pakistan: How Will CPEC Boost Pakistan’s Infrastructures and Overcome the Challenges? Arts Social Sci J, 8, 265. doi:10.4172/2151-6200.1000265
Sabri, F. (2017). People killed in terror attacks during past 15-years. Pakistan Today. https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/05/20/67399- people-killed-in-terror-attacks-during-past-15-years/
Scott, B.R. (2011). Capitalism. DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1879-5_2, 27C _ Bruce R. Scott 2011
Siddiqui, S. (2017). Beware - hackers are going after ATMs in Pakistan. The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1574702/2-beware-hackers-going-atms-pakistan/
Shah, S. (2015). China’s Xi Jinping Launches Investment Deal in Pakistan. The Wall Street Journal. http://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-xijinping-set-to-launch-investment-deal-in-pakistan-1429533767
Shan Masala. (2017). Shan Masala Ad TVC 2017 - Chinese Couple. https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGVMqHtNdXI
Small, A. (2015). China-Pakistan: A Strategic Relationship in the Shadows. [Blog] Yale Global Online. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/ china-pakistan-strategic-relations-shadows
Syed, A. (1974). China & Pakistan. Amherst, Mass: University of Massachusetts Press.
The Communist Manifesto. (2017). http://laissez-fairerepublic.com/ tenplanks.html
The Sociological Conversance. (2016). The capitalist mode of production. https://foodandhealth711.wordpress.com/2016/11/24/the-capitalist-mode-of-production/
The CPEC Portal. (2021). CPEC. CPEC Official. http://cpec.gov.pk/
Tylor, E. B. (1871). La ciencia de la cultura. In J. S. Kahn (1975).El Concepto de Cultura. Textos Fundamentales (pp. 29-46). Barcelona: Anagrama.
Vandewalle, L. (2015). ‘In-depth Analysis Pakistan and China: ‘Iron Brothers’ Forever?’ Policy department European Parliament. http://www. europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/549052/EXPO_ IDA(2015)549052_EN.pdf.
Vaughn, B. & Morrison, W. (2006). China-Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States. Congressional Research Service. The Library of Congress.
Wang, J. (2015). ‘China’s ‘New Silk road’: A case study in Eu–China relations. In: Amighini, A. & Berkofsky, A. ed’, Xi’s Policy Gambles: The Bumpy Road Ahead (pp. 92–109). Beijing: ISPI.
Wolf, O.S. (2016). The China- Pakistan Economic Corridor: An Assessment of its Feasibility and impact on Regional Cooperation, South Asia Democratic Forum (SADF), 1–63.
Xu, S. (2015). Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road. National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, with State Council authorization.
Zhang, R. & Shi, G. (2016). Social impacts assessment for China-Pakistan Economic Corridor investment activities. https://conferences. iaia.org/2016/Final-Papers/Zhang,%20Ruilian%20-%20SIA%20 for%20China-Pakistan.pdf