FAIRCLOUGH’S THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF BLAKE’S “AH SUN-FLOWER!”
Keywords:
Critical Discourse Analyses, Ideology, Social Change, Description, Interpretation, Power RelationsAbstract
Discourse is language in use, or language used for communicative purposes. It relates to social structures, practices, and social change. In Critical Discourse Analyses (CDA), the link between discourse and society/context is mediated. There is a dialectical relationship between discourse and ideology. Ideology is a system of ideas especially social, political or religious views shared by a social group or movement. This study is qualitative in nature, rooted in critical discourse analysis, especially, Fairclough’s three-dimensional model-‘Description’ (lexical, graphological, grammatical, and phonological level) and ‘Interpretation’ of Blake’s “Ah Sun-flower!” which lead towards ‘Explanation’ that explores the relation of this poem with social structures of authority and unequal power relations of Blake contemporary society. The authoritative, repressive and patriarchal ideology of the 18th century has been explored from this poem. The concept of the Golden Age of this poem is linked with CDA’s dream of problem-free society; ‘Youth’ and ‘Virgin’ have been analyzed in the context of the institution of the love of 18th century.References
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American Journal of Sociology, 59(5), 425-436.
Althusser, L. (1971). Lenin and Philosophy and other essays. NY: Monthly
Review Press.
Ayars, M. I. (2013, June). Poetic Discourse Analysis of Syntactic
Parallelism in Biblical Hebrew Verse: Repeated Patterns of
Syntactic Deviation with the Dual Rhetorical Function of
Foregrounding and Structural Cohesion. In Paper presented at
St. John’s of Nottingham Bible and Theology Research Seminar.
Bartlett, R. C. (2006). An introduction to Hesiod’s Works and Days. The
Review of politics, 68(2), 177-205.
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Enlightenment” (Book Review). The Modern Language Review,
66(2), 395.
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J.A. Anderson. (Ed.). Communication Yearbook 12. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage, 601-617.
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Innocence and Experience. Retrieved from http://crossrefit.
info/textguide/songs-of-innocence-and-experience/13/1646.
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from http://diaryofamadinvalid.blogspot.com.
Fairclough, N. (2015). Language and power. (3rd ed.). London and New
York: Routledge.
Fairclough, N., & Wodak, R. (1997). Critical discourse analysis. In T. Van Dijk
(Ed.), Discourse as social interaction. London: Sage. 258 – 284.
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge, trans. AM Sheridan
Smith. London: Tavistock, 182.
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Writings, 1972-1977. NY: Pantheon Books.
Hall, S. (1981). Cultural studies: Two paradigms. Culture, Ideology and Social
Process. In T. Bennett, G. Martin. C. Mercer and J. Woollacot (Eds.).
London: Batsford Academic and Educational, 19-37.
Harris, M. D. (1989). Analysis of the discourse structure of lyric
poetry. Computers and the Humanities, 23(4-5), 423-428.
Hazarika, K. (2012). The social status of women in 18th century English
society as reflected in a dictionary of the English language of Dr.
Johnson. IJCAES, 2, n.p.
Henriques, J., Hollyway, W., Uriwin, C., Venn, C. & WalkeRrdine, V.
(1984). Changing the Subject: psychology, social regulation, and
subjectivity. London: Methuen.
Hunt, D. (1995). A cup of trembling. Eugene and Oregon: Harvest House
Publishers.
Khan, A. (2014). Critical Discourse Analysis of William Blake’s Poem
The Sick Rose. VFAST Transactions on Education and Social
Sciences, 3(2), 32-35.
Marin, L. (1983). The discourse of power- Power of discourse: Pascalian
notes, in A. Montefiore (Ed.), Philosophy in France Today.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nayar, P. K. (2014). William Blake’s LONDON as a Surveillance
Poem. The Explicator, 72(4), 328-332.
Parker, I. (1990). Discourse: Definitions and contradictions, philosophical psychology. 3(2-3), 187-204. DOI: 10.1080/0951508900857299.)
Pecheux, M. (1982). The Language, Discourse, Society Reader. London: Palgrave
Macmillan, pp.51-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230213340_4
Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Potter, Jonathan, and Margaret
Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes
and Behavior. London: Sage, 1987.
Rizwan, S., Saeed, T., & Fayyaz, R. (2013). Religious Ideology and
Discourse: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Marsiya-e-Hussain.
Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2(1), 124-139.
Sarfo, E., & Krampa, E. A. (2012). Language at War: A Critical Discourse
Analysis of Speeches of Bush and Obama on Terrorism.
International Journal of Social Sciences & Education, 3(2).
SARI, K. P. (2014). A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE INTERPERSONAL
MEANING IN WILLIAM WORDSWORTH’S POEM “AN
EVENING WALK” PUBLISED IN 1793. Skripsi.
Van Dijk, T. A. (Ed.). (1997). Discourse as structure and process (Vol. 1).
London: SAGE.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse
& society, 4(2), 249-283.
Wodak, R. (2002). Aspects of critical discourse analysis. Zeitschrift für
Angewandte Linguistik, 36(10), 5-31.
Wodak, R., & Chilton, P. (Eds.). (2005). A new agenda in (critical)
discourse analysis: theory, methodology and interdisciplinarity
(Vol. 13). John Benjamins Publishing.
Woolgar, S. (1988). Science: The very idea. London: Ellis Horwood.
Virgil, A., & Georgics, A. I. V. (1937). with trans. by HR Fairclough. Loeb
Classical Library, 63, 246-51.
American Journal of Sociology, 59(5), 425-436.
Althusser, L. (1971). Lenin and Philosophy and other essays. NY: Monthly
Review Press.
Ayars, M. I. (2013, June). Poetic Discourse Analysis of Syntactic
Parallelism in Biblical Hebrew Verse: Repeated Patterns of
Syntactic Deviation with the Dual Rhetorical Function of
Foregrounding and Structural Cohesion. In Paper presented at
St. John’s of Nottingham Bible and Theology Research Seminar.
Bartlett, R. C. (2006). An introduction to Hesiod’s Works and Days. The
Review of politics, 68(2), 177-205.
Billig, M., Condor, S., Edwards, D., Gane, M., Middleton, D., & Radley,
A. (1988). Prejudice and tolerance. BILLIG, M., CONDOR, S.
EDWARDS, D. GANE, M., MIDDLETON, D. Y RADLEY, A.
Ideological dilemmas: social psychology or everyday thinking.
London: Sage.
Blake, W. (2008). “ The chinney sweeper,” Songs of innocence, William
Blake. pp 21-22.
Blake, W. (1906). The marriage of heaven and hell. Boston: J. W. Luce
and company.
Bloom, E.A. (1971). “Bertrand Harris Bronson”. “Facets of the
Enlightenment” (Book Review). The Modern Language Review,
66(2), 395.
Corcoran, F. (1989). Cultural studies: From old world to new world. In
J.A. Anderson. (Ed.). Communication Yearbook 12. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage, 601-617.
Crossref Guide. (2016). Themes and related poems in the Songs of
Innocence and Experience. Retrieved from http://crossrefit.
info/textguide/songs-of-innocence-and-experience/13/1646.
DePonnat, B. (2016). Critical Thinking. By-Gone Days, No.9. Retrieved
from http://diaryofamadinvalid.blogspot.com.
Fairclough, N. (2015). Language and power. (3rd ed.). London and New
York: Routledge.
Fairclough, N., & Wodak, R. (1997). Critical discourse analysis. In T. Van Dijk
(Ed.), Discourse as social interaction. London: Sage. 258 – 284.
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge, trans. AM Sheridan
Smith. London: Tavistock, 182.
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other
Writings, 1972-1977. NY: Pantheon Books.
Hall, S. (1981). Cultural studies: Two paradigms. Culture, Ideology and Social
Process. In T. Bennett, G. Martin. C. Mercer and J. Woollacot (Eds.).
London: Batsford Academic and Educational, 19-37.
Harris, M. D. (1989). Analysis of the discourse structure of lyric
poetry. Computers and the Humanities, 23(4-5), 423-428.
Hazarika, K. (2012). The social status of women in 18th century English
society as reflected in a dictionary of the English language of Dr.
Johnson. IJCAES, 2, n.p.
Henriques, J., Hollyway, W., Uriwin, C., Venn, C. & WalkeRrdine, V.
(1984). Changing the Subject: psychology, social regulation, and
subjectivity. London: Methuen.
Hunt, D. (1995). A cup of trembling. Eugene and Oregon: Harvest House
Publishers.
Khan, A. (2014). Critical Discourse Analysis of William Blake’s Poem
The Sick Rose. VFAST Transactions on Education and Social
Sciences, 3(2), 32-35.
Marin, L. (1983). The discourse of power- Power of discourse: Pascalian
notes, in A. Montefiore (Ed.), Philosophy in France Today.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nayar, P. K. (2014). William Blake’s LONDON as a Surveillance
Poem. The Explicator, 72(4), 328-332.
Parker, I. (1990). Discourse: Definitions and contradictions, philosophical psychology. 3(2-3), 187-204. DOI: 10.1080/0951508900857299.)
Pecheux, M. (1982). The Language, Discourse, Society Reader. London: Palgrave
Macmillan, pp.51-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230213340_4
Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Potter, Jonathan, and Margaret
Wetherell, Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes
and Behavior. London: Sage, 1987.
Rizwan, S., Saeed, T., & Fayyaz, R. (2013). Religious Ideology and
Discourse: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Marsiya-e-Hussain.
Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2(1), 124-139.
Sarfo, E., & Krampa, E. A. (2012). Language at War: A Critical Discourse
Analysis of Speeches of Bush and Obama on Terrorism.
International Journal of Social Sciences & Education, 3(2).
SARI, K. P. (2014). A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE INTERPERSONAL
MEANING IN WILLIAM WORDSWORTH’S POEM “AN
EVENING WALK” PUBLISED IN 1793. Skripsi.
Van Dijk, T. A. (Ed.). (1997). Discourse as structure and process (Vol. 1).
London: SAGE.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse
& society, 4(2), 249-283.
Wodak, R. (2002). Aspects of critical discourse analysis. Zeitschrift für
Angewandte Linguistik, 36(10), 5-31.
Wodak, R., & Chilton, P. (Eds.). (2005). A new agenda in (critical)
discourse analysis: theory, methodology and interdisciplinarity
(Vol. 13). John Benjamins Publishing.
Woolgar, S. (1988). Science: The very idea. London: Ellis Horwood.
Virgil, A., & Georgics, A. I. V. (1937). with trans. by HR Fairclough. Loeb
Classical Library, 63, 246-51.
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