APPARENT CAUSES FOR INEFFECTIVE TEACHING IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS: EVIDENCE FROM GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS OF KARACHI
Keywords:
Ineffective Teaching, Private Schools, Education, Teacher’s PerformanceAbstract
The teaching profession and teachers are perceived as the building blocks of any society and their role is not only limited to teaching but also to the development of society. Nevertheless, several factors are identified which make their efforts ineffective. Research highlights that the factors related to the Socio-Economic Status (SES), personal and professional dimensions of the teacher, and school and its profile are potent in preventing the desired teaching impact. There is a dearth in research on this topic, especially in the scenario of government sector schools of Pakistan, which are experiencing a high rate of drop out, hence, instigating an increase in poverty and unemployment. This research paper attempts to investigate the reasons for dropout and examines the factors which cause ineffective teaching in governmentowned schools. With a blend of various constructs, a more effective research model has been constructed and proposed. Through the data collected from one hundred government school teachers, it has been determined that variables associated with SES, personal and professional dimensions of the teacher, school and its profile are potent predictors of ineffectiveness along with some other factors too which were never investigated in any quantitative research study before. This research will enhance the field of knowledge by elaborating the concepts associated with ineffective teaching practices in extended dimensions.References
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the 21st Century, 60(1), 79-100.
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Teaching and Learning in Primary Schools: Why Are Schools in
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Learning of Economics in Some Ogbomosho High Schools, Oyo
State, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(28), 115-124.
O’Neill, L., & McGloin, J. M. (2007). Considering the efficacy of
situational crime prevention in schools. Journal of Criminal
Justice, 35(5), 511-523.
Ozturk, I. (2001). The role of education in economic development: a
theoretical perspective. Journal of Rural Development and
Administration, 33(1), 39-47.
Porter, A. C., & Brophy, J. (1988). Synthesis of research on good teaching:
Insights from the work of the Institute for Research on
Teaching. Educational leadership, 45(8), 74-85.
Saleem, F., Naseem, Z., Ibrahim, K., Hussain, A., & Azeem, M. (2012).
Determinants of school effectiveness: A study of Punjab level.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(14), 242-251.
Sarita, O., & Tomer, M. (2004). Teacher Education. Dehli: Isha Books.
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in Developing Countries: Improving Effectiveness and Managing
Costs, 187-200.
Smith, B. O. (1967). A Study of the Strategies of Teaching. Bureau of
Educational Research, College of Education, University of
Illinois Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Smith, J. K., & Smith, L. G. (1994). Education today: The foundations of
a profession. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Sprinkle, J. E. (2009). Student perceptions of educator effectiveness: A
follow-up study. College Student Journal, 43(4), 1341-1358.
Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit
assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and
Individual differences, 42(5), 893-898.
Suleman, Q., Hussain, I., & Kayani, A. I. (2017). Factors Contributing to
Truancy Among Secondary School Students in Karak District,
Pakistan. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(25), 65-74.
Teodorovi?, J. (2011). Classroom and school factors related to student
achievement: What works for students? School Effectiveness and
School Improvement, 22(2), 215-236.
Tshabalala, N. (2014). An exploration of the parents’ experiences of the
inclusion and retention of their disabled children in public
schools in the Eastern Cape Province (Doctoral dissertation,
University of Cape Town).
Voulalas, Z. D., & Sharpe, F. G. (2005). Creating schools as learning
communities: Obstacles and processes. Journal of Educational
Administration, 43(2), 187-208.
Williams, M. (1988). Epistemological realism and the basis of skepticism.
Mind, 97(387), 415-439.
Yariv, E. (2011). Deterioration in teachers’ performance: Causes and some
remedies. World Journal of Education, 1(1), 81-91.
status and school education. Canberra: DEET/ACER.
Amato, P. R., & Amato, P. R. (1987). Children in Australian families: The
growth of competence. USA: Prentice Hall.
Ashraf, I., Ashraf, F., Saeed, I., Gulzar, H., Shah, K., Azhar, N. & Anam,
W. (2015). Reasons for Low Performance of Teachers: A Study
of Government Schools operating in Bahawalpur City, Pakistan.
International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive
Education and Development, 4(2), 105-117.
Atton, T., & Fidler, B. (2003). The headship game: the challenges of
contemporary school leadership. London: Routledge.
Baird, R. J. (1972). Contemporary industrial teaching: solving everyday
problems. Illinois: Goodheart-Willcox Pub.
Bar, A. S. (1968). The Measurement and Prediction of Teacher
Effectiveness. Madison, Wisconsin: Dunbar Publications, Inc.
Bregman, J., & Mohammad, N. (1998). Primary and secondary education
structural issues. Education and the state: fifty years of
Pakistan, 50, 68.
Brown, L. (2014). Constructivist learning environments and defining the
online learning community. Journal on School Educational
Technology, 9(4), 1-6.
Bude, U. (1985). Information Seminar for Headmasters, Headmistresses.
Pak-German Based Project Schools. Northwest Frontier Province
Education Department. Peshawar, Pakistan.
Charmaz, K. (2006). The power of names. Journal of Contemporary
Ethnography, 35(4), 396-399.
Dawn. (2010, March 14). Factors Influencing School Performance in
Pakistan. Retrieved from https://www.dawn.com/news/880910
Department of Education Sport and Culture. (2012). Education
Regulations. Harare: Government Printers.
Devlin, M., Kift, S., Nelson, K., Smith, L., & McKay, J. (2012). Effective
teaching and support of students from low socioeconomic status
backgrounds: Resources for Australian higher education. Final
Report. Retrieved from http://www.lowses.edu.au.
Duarte, N. T., Goodson, J. R., & Klich, N. R. (1993). How do I like thee?
Let me appraise the ways. Journal of Organizational Behavior,
14(3), 239-24.
Fernandez, C. (2014). Knowledge Base for Teaching and Pedagogical
Content Knowledge (PCK): Some Useful Models and
Implications FOR Teachers’ Training. Problems of Education in
the 21st Century, 60(1), 79-100.
Fuhrman, N., Fuhrman, R., & De Lay, A. (2010). Defining “good
teaching” at the graduate level: Are we meeting the instructional
expectations of doctoral students? The Journal of Faculty
Development, 24(2), 19-24.
Guffey, M. E., & Loewy, D. (2012). Essentials of business communication.
Cengage Learning.
Guffey, S. (2013). Essentials of Business Communication. London: Longman.
Hayes, D. A. (1987). The potential for directing study in combined reading
and writing activity. Journal of Reading Behavior, 19(4), 333-352.
Hill, L. H. (2014). Graduate students’ perspectives on effective teaching.
Adult Learning, 25(2), 57-65.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation
modeling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic
Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
HRCP. (2017, December 18). Report on Karachi Government Schools.
Retrieved from: https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/12/18/hrcpreleases-
report-on-karachi-govt-schools/
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in
covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new
alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary
Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Human Rights Watch. (2017, March 27). Dreams Turned into Nightmares:
Attacks on Students, Teachers, and Schools in Pakistan,
Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/report/dreams-turnednightmares/
attacks-students-teachers-and-schools-pakistan
Hunt, G., Wiseman, D. G., & Touzel, T. J. (2009). Effective teaching:
preparation and implementation. Charles C Thomas Publisher.
Illeris, K. (2003). Workplace learning and learning theory. Journal of
workplace learning, 15(4), 167-178.
Kiani, A. K. (2010, May). The Role of Education on Economic Growth in
Pakistan. In the Fifth Conference of Learning International
Networks Consortium (LINC).
Lacina, J., & Block, C. C. (2011). What matters most in distinguished
literacy teacher education programs? Journal of Literacy
Research, 43(4), 319-351.
Lockheed, M. E., & Verspoor, A. M. (1991). Improving primary education
in developing countries. Oxford University Press for World Bank.
Matimbe, R. T. (2014). Master of education in educational management:
Financial management in education. Harare: ZOU.
Mohanty, J. (2000). Current trends in higher education. New Dehli: Deep
and Deep Publications.
Mukherjee, D. (1995). The Relationship Between Socio-economic
Background and Participation in Education: Abstracts of
Studies. Australian Centre for Equity through Education.
Mupa, P., & Chinooneka, T. I. (2015). Factors Contributing to Ineffective
Teaching and Learning in Primary Schools: Why Are Schools in
Decadence? Journal of Education and Practice, 6(19), 125-132.
Nadeem, M., Rana, M. S., Lone, A. H., Maqbool, S., Naz, K., & Akhtar, A.
(2011). Teacher’s Competencies and Factors Affecting the
Performance of Female Teachers in Bahawalpur (Southern Punjab)
Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(19).
Najumba, J. (2013). The effectiveness of teaching and learning in primary
schools. Boston: Sage Publications.
Ojo, G. M., & Nkoyane, V. (2016). Factors Affecting Effective Teaching and
Learning of Economics in Some Ogbomosho High Schools, Oyo
State, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(28), 115-124.
O’Neill, L., & McGloin, J. M. (2007). Considering the efficacy of
situational crime prevention in schools. Journal of Criminal
Justice, 35(5), 511-523.
Ozturk, I. (2001). The role of education in economic development: a
theoretical perspective. Journal of Rural Development and
Administration, 33(1), 39-47.
Porter, A. C., & Brophy, J. (1988). Synthesis of research on good teaching:
Insights from the work of the Institute for Research on
Teaching. Educational leadership, 45(8), 74-85.
Saleem, F., Naseem, Z., Ibrahim, K., Hussain, A., & Azeem, M. (2012).
Determinants of school effectiveness: A study of Punjab level.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(14), 242-251.
Sarita, O., & Tomer, M. (2004). Teacher Education. Dehli: Isha Books.
Shaeffer, S. (1993). Participatory approaches to teacher training. Teachers
in Developing Countries: Improving Effectiveness and Managing
Costs, 187-200.
Smith, B. O. (1967). A Study of the Strategies of Teaching. Bureau of
Educational Research, College of Education, University of
Illinois Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Smith, J. K., & Smith, L. G. (1994). Education today: The foundations of
a profession. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Sprinkle, J. E. (2009). Student perceptions of educator effectiveness: A
follow-up study. College Student Journal, 43(4), 1341-1358.
Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit
assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and
Individual differences, 42(5), 893-898.
Suleman, Q., Hussain, I., & Kayani, A. I. (2017). Factors Contributing to
Truancy Among Secondary School Students in Karak District,
Pakistan. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(25), 65-74.
Teodorovi?, J. (2011). Classroom and school factors related to student
achievement: What works for students? School Effectiveness and
School Improvement, 22(2), 215-236.
Tshabalala, N. (2014). An exploration of the parents’ experiences of the
inclusion and retention of their disabled children in public
schools in the Eastern Cape Province (Doctoral dissertation,
University of Cape Town).
Voulalas, Z. D., & Sharpe, F. G. (2005). Creating schools as learning
communities: Obstacles and processes. Journal of Educational
Administration, 43(2), 187-208.
Williams, M. (1988). Epistemological realism and the basis of skepticism.
Mind, 97(387), 415-439.
Yariv, E. (2011). Deterioration in teachers’ performance: Causes and some
remedies. World Journal of Education, 1(1), 81-91.
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