RESTORATION, HYBRIDIZATION AND CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF AFRICA DURING BRITISH COLONIZATION
Keywords:
Cultural Restoration, Cultural Hybridization, Cultural Transformation, British Colonization, AchebeAbstract
The Britain colonized one-third of the world. In the colonization, the natives of different colours and races hybridized, transformed, and went through the identity crises but the African colonization suffered beyond that. The European academia has captured a very bleak picture of the Africans which cannot be seen in other British colonies. Savagery had been picturized through films and writings where Africans depict no culture and history. These writings portrayed a bleak picture of Africa across the world. It is also a fact that the slave trading to British colonies started from Africa. Many Africans were forcefully deported to America. However, after the colonization, an aggressive response came from the African writers. They have not only condemned colonization but also restored their culture and social norms and traditions through their writings. Achebe has documented a complete journey of African culture from its start till transformation in his trilogy. He has established African culture in his book Things Fall Apart (1958). Later, Achebe has narrated the story of African hybridization and change in Arrows of God (1964), and No Longer at Ease (1961). The trilogy of Achebe presents African culture, identity, hybridization, and cultural change with the passage of time. This trilogy has been taught in the history and cultural books in most of the universities in the West. This research paper is an investigation of the trilogy of Achebe’s exploration of Africans’ cultural identity and how natives were hybridized and transformed in the result of British colonization.References
Achebe, C. (2012). Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays. London and
New York: Doubleday.
Achebe, C. (2010). The African Trilogy: Things Fall Apart; No Longer at
Ease, [and] Arrow of God (Vol. 327). Everyman’s Library.
Achebe, C. (2000). Africa’s tarnished name. Multiculturalism and Hybridity
in African Literatures: Annual Selected Papers of the ALA, 7, 13-24.
Achebe, C. (1978). An image of Africa. Research in African literatures,
9(1), 1-15.
Achebe, C. (1961). No Longer at Ease (Vol. 3). Nairobi: East African
Publishers.
Achebe, C. (1958). Things Fall Apart. Ibadan. Heinemann Educational
Books Ltd, 1, 138-148.
Bhabha, H. K. (2012). The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge.
Bhabha, H. (1997). Of Mimicry and Man. (152-160), In Tensions of
Empire, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bhabha, H. K. (1985). Signs taken for wonders: Questions of ambivalence
and authority under a tree outside Delhi, May 1817. Critical
Inquiry, 12(1), 144-165.
Cooley, C. H. (2017). Human nature and the social order. New York:
Routledge.
Comaroff, J., & Comaroff, J. L. (2008). Of revelation and revolution,
volume 1: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South
Africa (Vol. 1). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Conrad, J. (2010). Youth, heart of darkness, the end of the tether. London:
Cambridge University Press.
Cronon, W. (2011). Changes in the land: Indians, colonists, and the
ecology of New England. London: Hill and Wang.
Hall, S. (2014). Cultural identity and diaspora. In Diaspora and visual
culture (pp. 35-47). New York: Routledge.
Jacques, T. C. (1997). From savages and barbarians to primitives: Africa,
social typologies, and history in eighteenth–century French
philosophy. History and Theory, 36(2), 190-215.
Jamison, A. (2001). The making of green knowledge: Environmental politics
and cultural transformation. London: Cambridge University Press.
Jønsson, K. A., Bowie, R. C., Nylander, J. A., Christidis, L., Norman, J.
A., & Fjeldså, J. (2010). Biogeographical history of cuckooshrikes
(Aves: Passeriformes): transoceanic colonization of
Africa from Australo-Papua. Journal of Biogeography, 37(9),
1767-1781.
Lichter, D. T., LeClere, F. B., & McLaughlin, D. K. (1991). Local marriage
markets and the marital behavior of black and white
women. American Journal of Sociology, 96(4), 843-867.
McKenna, M. (2014). Parables: The Arrows of God. Orbis Books.
Shea, G. (2008). A Reader’s Guide to Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart.
New York: Enslow Publishing, LLC.
Stoler, A. L. (2010). Carnal knowledge and imperial power: Race and the
intimate in colonial rule. USA: Univ of California Press.
Woods, P., & Jeffrey, B. (1998). Choosing positions: living the
contradictions of OFSTED. British Journal of Sociology of
Education, 19(4), 547-570.
Young, R. J. (2005). Colonial Desire: Hybridity in theory, culture, and
race. New York: Routledge.
New York: Doubleday.
Achebe, C. (2010). The African Trilogy: Things Fall Apart; No Longer at
Ease, [and] Arrow of God (Vol. 327). Everyman’s Library.
Achebe, C. (2000). Africa’s tarnished name. Multiculturalism and Hybridity
in African Literatures: Annual Selected Papers of the ALA, 7, 13-24.
Achebe, C. (1978). An image of Africa. Research in African literatures,
9(1), 1-15.
Achebe, C. (1961). No Longer at Ease (Vol. 3). Nairobi: East African
Publishers.
Achebe, C. (1958). Things Fall Apart. Ibadan. Heinemann Educational
Books Ltd, 1, 138-148.
Bhabha, H. K. (2012). The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge.
Bhabha, H. (1997). Of Mimicry and Man. (152-160), In Tensions of
Empire, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bhabha, H. K. (1985). Signs taken for wonders: Questions of ambivalence
and authority under a tree outside Delhi, May 1817. Critical
Inquiry, 12(1), 144-165.
Cooley, C. H. (2017). Human nature and the social order. New York:
Routledge.
Comaroff, J., & Comaroff, J. L. (2008). Of revelation and revolution,
volume 1: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South
Africa (Vol. 1). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Conrad, J. (2010). Youth, heart of darkness, the end of the tether. London:
Cambridge University Press.
Cronon, W. (2011). Changes in the land: Indians, colonists, and the
ecology of New England. London: Hill and Wang.
Hall, S. (2014). Cultural identity and diaspora. In Diaspora and visual
culture (pp. 35-47). New York: Routledge.
Jacques, T. C. (1997). From savages and barbarians to primitives: Africa,
social typologies, and history in eighteenth–century French
philosophy. History and Theory, 36(2), 190-215.
Jamison, A. (2001). The making of green knowledge: Environmental politics
and cultural transformation. London: Cambridge University Press.
Jønsson, K. A., Bowie, R. C., Nylander, J. A., Christidis, L., Norman, J.
A., & Fjeldså, J. (2010). Biogeographical history of cuckooshrikes
(Aves: Passeriformes): transoceanic colonization of
Africa from Australo-Papua. Journal of Biogeography, 37(9),
1767-1781.
Lichter, D. T., LeClere, F. B., & McLaughlin, D. K. (1991). Local marriage
markets and the marital behavior of black and white
women. American Journal of Sociology, 96(4), 843-867.
McKenna, M. (2014). Parables: The Arrows of God. Orbis Books.
Shea, G. (2008). A Reader’s Guide to Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart.
New York: Enslow Publishing, LLC.
Stoler, A. L. (2010). Carnal knowledge and imperial power: Race and the
intimate in colonial rule. USA: Univ of California Press.
Woods, P., & Jeffrey, B. (1998). Choosing positions: living the
contradictions of OFSTED. British Journal of Sociology of
Education, 19(4), 547-570.
Young, R. J. (2005). Colonial Desire: Hybridity in theory, culture, and
race. New York: Routledge.
Additional Files
Published
2019-01-13
Issue
Section
Articles
