STATUS OF FEMALE EDUCATION IN DISTRICT POONCH OF AZAD JAMMU KASHMIR
Keywords:
Female Education, Regional Leaders, Azad Jammu Kashmir, Female StudentsAbstract
The present study aimed to explore the status of female education at various levels as perceived by regional leaders and female students of Azad Jammu and Kashmir from the district Poonch. Using stratified random sampling, a sample of 400 regional leaders and 200 female students was selected. Descriptive statistics and Independent t tests were used for data analysis and testing of hypotheses. The results show that although most of the leaders were favoring female education most of them were not in favor of co-education. In contrast, all-female students were favoring female education as well as the majority of them were in favor of coeducation. The majority of the regional leaders considered that the society will get benefits from female education, but the majority of the female students thought that that female education benefits them to take part in the country’s development. The results of the study will create awareness among the public, leaders, and policymakers to rectify issues related to female education thus encouraging more girls to be enrolled at all levels of education.References
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economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(3),
607-68.
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46(3), 289-324. doi: 10.3386/w14064
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Marriage and Domestic Violence. Washington, DC: International
Center for Research on Women.
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Ibero America Institute for Economic Research.
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Oxford University Press.
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mortality: a worldwide survey. Journal of obstetrics and
gynecology Canada, 28(11), 983-990.
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Corporation.
Moulton, J. (2001). Improving education in rural areas: Guidance for
rural development specialists. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Retrieved from citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download.
doi:10.1.1.197.9341
Mukherjee, S. (2015). More educated and more equal? A comparative
analysis of female education and employment in Japan, China,
and India. Gender and Education, 27(7), 846-870.
Mukhopadhyay, H. (2008). The role of education in the empowerment of
women in a district of West Bengal, India: reflections on a survey of women. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 10(2), 217-225.
Negash, A. (2010). Economic empowerment of women. Retrieved from
https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/more/.../economicempowerment-
of-women/
Rashid, S., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Ayub, M., Khan, M. A., &
Yaseen, G. (2015). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinally important
shrubs and trees of Himalayan region of Azad Jammu and
Kashmir, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 166, 340-351.
Rashid, T., & Chauhan, K. M. (2015). Violence Against Women (VAW) in
Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK): Explorations in the Role of
Police Department. OIDA. International Journal of Sustainable
Development, 8(11), 43-56.
Rihani, M. A., Lisa, K., & Stephanie, P. (2006). Keeping the Promise: Five
Benefits of Girls’ Secondary Education. Washington, DC:
Academy for Educational Development.
Roudi-Fahimi, F., & Moghadam, V. M. (2006). Empowering women,
developing society: Female education in the Middle East and
North Africa. Al-Raida Journal, 4-11. doi: 10.32380/alrj. v0i0.221
Safdar, M., Hussain, I., & Hafeez, A. (2011). Role of Allama Iqbal Open University
in Promoting Access and Demoting Gender Disparity in Higher
Education in Pakistan. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11599/2147
Saleem, A., Saghir, A., Akhtar, R. N., Bibi, N., & Asif, N. (2012).
Students’ Satisfaction Regarding Higher Education: A Survey
Study in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Science International
(Lahore), 24, 91-94.
Sharma, A. (2008). Logics of empowerment: Development, gender, and
governance in neoliberal India. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press.
Sharma, S. (2014). Status of Higher Education in Rural Areas of Jammu And
Kashmir State. International Journal of Research, 1(4), 967-979.
Task Force on Education and Gender Equality. (2005). Toward Universal
Primary Education: Investments, Incentives, and Institutions. London:Sterling, VA. Retrieved from www.unmillenniumproject.org/
documents/Education-complete.pdf
UNESCO. (2014). Progress in getting all children to school stalls but some
countries show the way forward. Education for All Global Monitoring
Report. Policy Paper, 14. Retrieved from http://www.uis.unesco.org
UNICEF. (2018). Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era. New York:
UNICEF. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/
UNFPA. (2005). Women’s Economic Empowerment: Meeting the Needs of
Impoverished Women. New York: UNFPA. Retrieved from
https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/women_
economic.pdf
World Bank. (2011). World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality
and Development. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
jspui/ handle/123456789/4150
Muslims of Kashmir (Doctoral dissertation). Department of
Education, University of Punjab, Pakistan.
AEPM. (2014). The Pakistan Education Atlas 2013. Islamabad: Academy
of Educational Planning and Management.
AJK Report. (2015). Consultation Meeting on the National Education Policy,
2016 – AJK: Voices of Citizens and Youth. Muzaffarabad. Retrieved
from https://itacec.org/document/2016/nep/AJK_Report_NEP.pdf
Alif Ailaan. (2015). Individual district profile link, 2015. Retrieved from
http://www.data.com.pk/edurankings/district.php
Aptarashvili, L., Darsavelidze, T., & Tsereteli, M. (2016). Violence
Sensitivity: Morality and Factors that Influence the
Unacceptability of Violence. Paper presented at the International
Conference for Academic Disciplines in Barcelona, Spain.
Chaudhry, I. S. (2007). Gender inequality in education and economic
growth: case study of Pakistan. Pakistan Horizon, 60(4), 81-91.
Diladan, M. S., & Ganai, M. Y. (2013). Female Education in Rural
Kashmir: A Historical Study of Block Pulwama (1947-2000)
(Doctoral dissertation), Muzaffarabad: University of Kashmir.
Eckert, A., & Striek, J. (2007). Strengthening the Participation of Women
in Development Cooperation. Bonn: Federal Ministry for
Economic Cooperation and Development.
Farooq, M. S. & Kai, Y. T. (2016). A Critical Study of Primary Education
Situation in AJK State. Social Criminal, 4(2), 1-7.
doi:10.4172/2375-4435.1000139
Gallaway, J. H., & Bernasek, A. (2004). Literacy and women’s
empowerment in Indonesia: implications for policy. Journal of
Economic Issues, 38(2), 519-525.
Government of Pakistan. (2015). Pakistan Social and Living Standards
Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2013-14. Islamabad: Statistics
Division, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/pslm_prov2006-
07/2.14a.pdf
Government of Pakistan. (2017). National Education Policy 2017-2025.
Ministry of Federal Education & Professional Training. Islamabad,
Pakistan.
Halai, A., Rizvi, N., & Rodrigues, S. (2007). State of mathematics and
science education in Pakistan: A review. Karachi, Pakistan: Aga
Khan University Institute for Educational Development. Paper
submitted to Ed Qual. Funded by DFID. Retrieved from
http://www.edqual.org/edqual/publications/workingpapercurricul
um03.pdf
Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2008). The role of cognitive skills in
economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(3),
607-68.
Heckman, J. J. (2008). Schools, skills, and synapses. Economic Inquiry,
46(3), 289-324. doi: 10.3386/w14064
International Center for Research on Women (ICRW). (2005). Child
Marriage and Domestic Violence. Washington, DC: International
Center for Research on Women.
Jewkes, R. (2002). Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention. The
Lancet, 359(9315), 1423-1429.
Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: A
Critical Analysis of the Third Millennium Development Goal.
Gender and Development, 13(1), 13–24.
Kabeer, N. (2012). Empowerment, citizenship and gender justice: a
contribution to locally grounded theories of change in women’s
lives. Ethics and Social Welfare, 6(3), 216-232.
Kagitcibasi, C., Goksen, F., & Gulgoz, S. (2005). Functional adult literacy
and empowerment of women: Impact of a functional literacy
program in Turkey. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy,
48(6), 472-489.
Kakepoto, H. (2005). Discrimination against women in rural Sindh: A
sociological analysis. (Doctoral thesis). Karachi: Department of
Sociology, University of Karachi. Retrieved from http://prr.hec.gov.pk/
Khan, M., Bibi. A., Khan. H., Ali, H., & Shafi, M. M. (2015). Role of
Education in Women Empowerment in Rural Muzaffarabad.
Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS), 35(1) 133-143.
Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2008). The impact of gender inequality in
education and employment on economic growth in developing
countries: Updates and extensions (No. 175). Discussion papers,
Ibero America Institute for Economic Research.
Knowles, S., Lorgelly, P. K., & Owen, P. D. (2002). Are educational
gender gaps a brake on economic development? Some crosscountry
empirical evidence. Oxford Economic Papers, 54(1),
118-149.
Kuhn, P., & Skuterud, M. (2005). Internet Job Search and Unemployment
Durations. American Economic Review, 94(1), 218-232.
Mahbub-ul-Haq. (2002). Human Development in South Asia. Karachi:
Oxford University Press.
McAlister, C., & Baskett, T. F. (2006). Female education and maternal
mortality: a worldwide survey. Journal of obstetrics and
gynecology Canada, 28(11), 983-990.
Mishra, R. C. (2005). Women Education. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing
Corporation.
Moulton, J. (2001). Improving education in rural areas: Guidance for
rural development specialists. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Retrieved from citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download.
doi:10.1.1.197.9341
Mukherjee, S. (2015). More educated and more equal? A comparative
analysis of female education and employment in Japan, China,
and India. Gender and Education, 27(7), 846-870.
Mukhopadhyay, H. (2008). The role of education in the empowerment of
women in a district of West Bengal, India: reflections on a survey of women. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 10(2), 217-225.
Negash, A. (2010). Economic empowerment of women. Retrieved from
https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/more/.../economicempowerment-
of-women/
Rashid, S., Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Ayub, M., Khan, M. A., &
Yaseen, G. (2015). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinally important
shrubs and trees of Himalayan region of Azad Jammu and
Kashmir, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 166, 340-351.
Rashid, T., & Chauhan, K. M. (2015). Violence Against Women (VAW) in
Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK): Explorations in the Role of
Police Department. OIDA. International Journal of Sustainable
Development, 8(11), 43-56.
Rihani, M. A., Lisa, K., & Stephanie, P. (2006). Keeping the Promise: Five
Benefits of Girls’ Secondary Education. Washington, DC:
Academy for Educational Development.
Roudi-Fahimi, F., & Moghadam, V. M. (2006). Empowering women,
developing society: Female education in the Middle East and
North Africa. Al-Raida Journal, 4-11. doi: 10.32380/alrj. v0i0.221
Safdar, M., Hussain, I., & Hafeez, A. (2011). Role of Allama Iqbal Open University
in Promoting Access and Demoting Gender Disparity in Higher
Education in Pakistan. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11599/2147
Saleem, A., Saghir, A., Akhtar, R. N., Bibi, N., & Asif, N. (2012).
Students’ Satisfaction Regarding Higher Education: A Survey
Study in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Science International
(Lahore), 24, 91-94.
Sharma, A. (2008). Logics of empowerment: Development, gender, and
governance in neoliberal India. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press.
Sharma, S. (2014). Status of Higher Education in Rural Areas of Jammu And
Kashmir State. International Journal of Research, 1(4), 967-979.
Task Force on Education and Gender Equality. (2005). Toward Universal
Primary Education: Investments, Incentives, and Institutions. London:Sterling, VA. Retrieved from www.unmillenniumproject.org/
documents/Education-complete.pdf
UNESCO. (2014). Progress in getting all children to school stalls but some
countries show the way forward. Education for All Global Monitoring
Report. Policy Paper, 14. Retrieved from http://www.uis.unesco.org
UNICEF. (2018). Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era. New York:
UNICEF. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/
UNFPA. (2005). Women’s Economic Empowerment: Meeting the Needs of
Impoverished Women. New York: UNFPA. Retrieved from
https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/women_
economic.pdf
World Bank. (2011). World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality
and Development. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
jspui/ handle/123456789/4150
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